為全面(mian)掌握(wo)我(wo)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)受(shou)威脅狀況，提高生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)保(bao)護的科(ke)學性(xing)和有效性(xing)，2008年(nian)，生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)部（原環(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護部）聯合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)科(ke)學院啟(qi)動了《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)紅色名錄》的編制工作，并于2013年(nian)9月(yue)、2015年(nian)5月(yue)先后發(fa)(fa)布《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)紅色名錄—高等植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)卷(juan)》《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)紅色名錄—脊椎動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)卷(juan)》。2018年(nian)5月(yue)22日，在第25個“國(guo)際生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)日”專題宣傳活動上(shang)，生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)部聯合(he)中(zhong)(zhong)科(ke)院又發(fa)(fa)布了《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)紅色名錄—大型真菌卷(juan)》。

《中(zhong)國生物(wu)多(duo)樣性紅(hong)色(se)名錄》的評(ping)(ping)估工作是一項規(gui)模(mo)龐大(da)的系(xi)統工程，歷時十年，匯集了(le)全國600多(duo)位專(zhuan)家，對我國已知的高等(deng)植物(wu)、脊椎動物(wu)（海洋魚類除外）和大(da)型真菌受威脅(xie)狀況進行了(le)全面評(ping)(ping)估，是全球迄今為止(zhi)評(ping)(ping)估物(wu)種數(shu)量最(zui)大(da)、類群范圍(wei)最(zui)寬、覆蓋地域最(zui)廣、信息最(zui)全、參(can)與專(zhuan)家人(ren)數(shu)最(zui)多(duo)的評(ping)(ping)估。主要成果如(ru)下：

第一，完善(shan)了(le)我(wo)國(guo)生物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)信息。評估統計了(le)34450 種(zhong)（含種(zhong)下(xia)等(deng)級）高(gao)等(deng)植物(wu)(wu)、4357種(zhong)脊(ji)椎動物(wu)(wu)和9302種(zhong)大型真菌，完善(shan)了(le)中國(guo)高(gao)等(deng)植物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)名錄(lu)，確定了(le)中國(guo)脊(ji)椎動物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)豐富度(du)在世界的排名，對我(wo)國(guo)已(yi)知(zhi)的14511個大型真菌物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)名稱(cheng)進(jin)行整(zheng)理、核對和訂正，確認了(le)9302個物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)。

第(di)二，補(bu)(bu)充(chong)完(wan)善了(le)(le) IUCN 紅色(se)(se)名(ming)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)評(ping)(ping)估等(deng)級(ji)標(biao)準(zhun)體系。根據不同生(sheng)物類群的(de)生(sheng)物學特(te)性，完(wan)善了(le)(le)評(ping)(ping)估標(biao)準(zhun)，解(jie)決(jue)了(le)(le)爬行類、兩棲類與(yu)內陸魚類瀕危(wei)等(deng)級(ji)評(ping)(ping)定中出(chu)現的(de)難題，填補(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)大型真菌紅色(se)(se)名(ming)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)評(ping)(ping)估標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)空白，為國際(ji)紅色(se)(se)名(ming)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)評(ping)(ping)估工作(zuo)貢(gong)獻了(le)(le)中國智慧(hui)。

第三，對中國(guo)高(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)、脊椎動物(wu)和大型真菌受威脅(xie)狀況進行了分(fen)類評(ping)估。評(ping)估結果顯示，我國(guo)34450種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)中，絕(jue)滅27 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，野外絕(jue)滅10 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，地區絕(jue)滅15 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，極(ji)危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)583 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，瀕(bin)危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1297 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，易(yi)危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1887 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，近危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2723 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，無(wu)危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)24296 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，數據缺(que)乏3612 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。受威脅(xie)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（極(ji)危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、瀕(bin)危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)和易(yi)危(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）共計3767 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，約占(zhan)植(zhi)物(wu)總數的10.9%。

4357 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)脊椎動物中，滅(mie)(mie)絕4 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、野外滅(mie)(mie)絕3 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、區(qu)域滅(mie)(mie)絕10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、極瀕185種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、瀕危(wei)288種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、易危(wei)459種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近危(wei)598 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、無(wu)危(wei)1869種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、數據缺乏941 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。受威脅脊椎動物共計932 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占被評估物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總數的21.4%。

9302種(zhong)(zhong)大(da)型(xing)(xing)真菌中，疑似滅絕1種(zhong)(zhong)，極危9種(zhong)(zhong)、瀕危25種(zhong)(zhong)、易危62種(zhong)(zhong)、近危101種(zhong)(zhong)、無危2764種(zhong)(zhong)、數(shu)據不足6340種(zhong)(zhong)。受威脅大(da)型(xing)(xing)真菌97種(zhong)(zhong)，占評估物種(zhong)(zhong)總(zong)數(shu)的1.04%。

第四(si)，評估了(le)我國生物(wu)多樣(yang)性受(shou)(shou)威脅(xie)的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)。高等植物(wu)瀕危(wei)滅絕(jue)的(de)主(zhu)要因(yin)素是(shi)(shi)生境退化或(huo)喪失(shi)，其中農林(lin)牧副漁(yu)業發展(zhan)帶來的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)最大。脊椎動物(wu)物(wu)種(zhong)瀕危(wei)滅絕(jue)的(de)主(zhu)要原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)(shi)人類活動導致的(de)生境喪失(shi)和退化以及過度利用，非法貿易則是(shi)(shi)珍稀脊椎動物(wu)瀕危(wei)的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)。全(quan)球環境變(bian)化、修建水(shui)電站和水(shui)利設(she)施、水(shui)體和土壤污染影(ying)響(xiang)了(le)水(shui)鳥、爬行類、兩棲類和內陸魚類生存。食藥用大型真菌(jun)的(de)主(zhu)要威脅(xie)因(yin)子(zi)是(shi)(shi)過度采挖和開(kai)發利用，以及不(bu)良的(de)采挖方式(shi)。地衣的(de)主(zhu)要受(shou)(shou)威脅(xie)因(yin)素是(shi)(shi)環境污染和生境退化。

我國高度(du)重(zhong)視生物多樣性保護，并不斷加大工作力度(du)。本次(ci)紅色名錄評估結果顯示，朱鹮、藏羚(ling)羊、德保蘇(su)鐵(tie)等(deng)(deng)(deng)一批國家重(zhong)點保護物種和(he)瀕危物種得(de)到(dao)較好(hao)保護，野外種群得(de)到(dao)恢復，受(shou)(shou)威脅(xie)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)下降。但(dan)同時(shi)，由(you)于(yu)資源過度(du)利用、環境污染、棲息地破(po)壞(huai)等(deng)(deng)(deng)因(yin)素(su)，也有部分物種瀕危程度(du)加劇，受(shou)(shou)威脅(xie)等(deng)(deng)(deng)級(ji)上(shang)升。如(ru)長(chang)江江豚數量急劇減少，由(you)瀕危上(shang)升為(wei)(wei)極(ji)危，爪(zhua)哇金絲(si)燕因(yin)采(cai)集燕窩由(you)無(wu)危上(shang)升為(wei)(wei)極(ji)危，鰣魚由(you)于(yu)過度(du)捕撈等(deng)(deng)(deng)原(yuan)因(yin)，由(you)瀕危上(shang)升為(wei)(wei)極(ji)危。

《中國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)紅(hong)色(se)名錄(lu)》的(de)(de)發布(bu)為(wei)制定(ding)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)政策和規劃(hua)的(de)(de)制定(ding)提供科(ke)學(xue)依據，為(wei)開展生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)科(ke)學(xue)研(yan)究提供數據基礎，為(wei)公眾參與生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)創造必(bi)(bi)要(yao)條件，是(shi)貫徹落實(shi)《中國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)戰略與行動計劃(hua)（2011-2030年）》和履行《生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)公約(yue)》的(de)(de)具體行動，必(bi)(bi)將對生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)與管理產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)深(shen)遠的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。