2018中非合作論(lun)壇北京峰會于9月(yue)3-4日舉行。聯合國(guo)副秘書長兼聯合國(guo)環境署執行主任埃里克·索(suo)爾海姆(mu)發表署名文章，稱贊中國(guo)在打擊珍稀野生動物(wu)交易及建設生態文明(ming)方面取得的成績，表示相關經驗尤其值(zhi)得非洲國(guo)家借鑒(jian)。

一(yi)名偷獵老手可(ke)以惟妙(miao)惟肖地模仿大象被(bei)殺(sha)死時發(fa)出的(de)尖叫(jiao)聲(sheng)，還能繪聲(sheng)繪色地描(miao)述一(yi)頭大象看(kan)到同(tong)伴倒地時哀嚎的(de)景象。他們還知道，當母(mu)象被(bei)殺(sha)死后，幼象會圍著她殘(can)破的(de)尸體，在悲痛(tong)中(zhong)等待自己的(de)死亡。

Veteran poachers have killed so many elephants that they can often imitate the screams the animals make when speared. They can tell you how other elephants howl in distress when they see one of their own felled. Calves have been known to circle the disfigured body of their mother for days in mourning, even until their own death.

 象是大自然(ran)的杰作，它們聰敏智慧，卻遭受(shou)如此野蠻對(dui)待(dai)，全然(ran)因(yin)為人類對(dui)象牙等光(guang)鮮(xian)亮麗的物件的貪(tan)念(nian)和(he)欲望。早期的西方殖民(min)者最先有了對(dui)象牙的需求(qiu)，在當時，象牙是至高的獎(jiang)賞；時至今日，消費水平的提升(sheng)極(ji)大地推高了象牙需求(qiu)，而偷獵活(huo)動(dong)也“進化”到(dao)了產業化運作的程度。

Behind the savagery visited on these magnificent, highly sensitive and intelligent creatures lies greed and a desire for shiny objects – sometimes rooted in trends, and sometimes tradition. It began with the early white settlers, with ivory becoming one of the great prizes of the colonial era. In recent years, however, demand has skyrocketed to match the rise in global consumer wealth, and poaching has reached an industrial scale.

過(guo)去十年，偷獵者為了(le)獲取(qu)象(xiang)牙殺(sha)死了(le)十萬多頭非(fei)洲象(xiang)，超過(guo)非(fei)洲象(xiang)種(zhong)群總數的(de)四(si)分之一。許多象(xiang)牙被運(yun)往亞洲地(di)區，制作成(cheng)飾(shi)品供人們(men)交易，成(cheng)為身份和地(di)位(wei)的(de)象(xiang)征。

Over the past decade, poachers have slaughtered more than 100,000 African elephants for their ivory – more than one quarter of the population. Many of the tusks ended up in China and other parts of Asia, where they were turned into trinkets and marketed as status symbols.

這些非法交易在迫害(hai)大象(xiang)的(de)同時，也給那些腐敗(bai)分子和犯罪(zui)集(ji)團帶去了巨大利益，世界和諧穩定(ding)受到威脅。

Elephants are not the only victims. The illegal trade has generated enormous profits that feed corruption and financial criminal cartels, stoking instability around the world.

為響應1989年起實施的(de)國(guo)際(ji)禁令(ling)，中(zhong)國(guo)宣布全面禁止(zhi)象(xiang)牙交易，這一決定值得(de)高度贊(zan)揚，它也明(ming)確傳達出了中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)立場：中(zhong)國(guo)會成為世(shi)界環保(bao)行動的(de)領軍者。

That is why China’s decision to ban the sale of ivory nationally, to come in line with the international ban that has been in place since 1989, deserves huge praise. The government ban will shut down the legal trade in ivory, and establish a new narrative for China’s worldview: as a leader for environmental action.

通過調(diao)查(cha)發現，在中國三大(da)(da)城(cheng)市(shi)中有95%的人支持全面禁止(zhi)象牙貿(mao)易，并相信禁止(zhi)此類貿(mao)易有助于保護非洲象。而就幾(ji)年前，類似(si)的調(diao)查(cha)顯示大(da)(da)多數人都不知(zhi)道獲取完整的象牙需(xu)要殺死(si)一頭大(da)(da)象，很多人以為拔掉象牙不會對大(da)(da)象造成什么傷害(hai)。

Surveys in China’s three largest cities found that 95 percent of people supported the ban because they believed it would protect African elephants. Only a few years ago, similar surveys found that average people did not even realize that an elephant had to die to obtain ivory – as the word for ivory in Chinese means tooth – many people thought it was gathered without harm.

禁令得到了大(da)多數的人支持確實是(shi)一(yi)個重大(da)勝(sheng)利，不(bu)過終結對大(da)象的屠殺還有(you)很長的路要走。和黑市交易(yi)(yi)相比，過去合法的象牙(ya)交易(yi)(yi)本來就只是(shi)冰山一(yi)角(jiao)，消滅非(fei)法象牙(ya)交易(yi)(yi)才(cai)是(shi)真正的挑戰所(suo)在。

That the ban has such widespread support is a major victory. The fight to end the slaughter, however, is far from over. While the ban sends a strong message that ivory products are now taboo, the legal trade is only a very small part of the problem.

所謂(wei)“沒有買賣就沒有傷害(hai)”，贏得這(zhe)場大象(xiang)保(bao)衛戰的(de)(de)(de)關鍵在于減少(shao)需(xu)求。轉變人(ren)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)思(si)想需(xu)要有一(yi)個過程，然而(er)非(fei)洲(zhou)象(xiang)卻等不起(qi)。我(wo)們(men)(men)要馬上行(xing)動起(qi)來，做出切實(shi)改(gai)變。我(wo)們(men)(men)要從供應鏈下手，加強執法力(li)度，打擊走私犯罪團伙，阻斷大規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)互聯網(wang)貿(mao)易，破壞他們(men)(men)藏匿資金的(de)(de)(de)避(bi)稅渠道。中非(fei)之(zhi)間可(ke)以進行(xing)更高級別的(de)(de)(de)安保(bao)合作，確保(bao)以上舉措(cuo)有效實(shi)施(shi)。

The bigger battle lies in tackling the far larger illegal trade. Reducing demand will be a key weapon in this fight but changing minds takes years of hard work – time that the world’s dwindling population of elephants may not have. It is essential that we also come down hard on the supply chain. This means tackling the booming internet trade, strengthening law enforcement, smashing the criminal cartels running smuggling operations and disrupting the tax havens where they stash their money. Much of this will require improved security cooperation between China and countries in Africa where the slaughter, and initial trafficking, takes place.

 當前，中(zhong)國(guo)在(zai)非(fei)洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)影響力(li)持續擴大(da)，加上“一(yi)(yi)帶一(yi)(yi)路”倡議的(de)(de)(de)推(tui)進，這種影響力(li)會進一(yi)(yi)步提升。在(zai)非(fei)洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)僑民人數超(chao)過100萬人，大(da)部分非(fei)洲(zhou)國(guo)家中(zhong)都活(huo)躍著中(zhong)國(guo)企業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)身影。在(zai)非(fei)洲(zhou)民眾心(xin)中(zhong)，中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)譽也很不錯，一(yi)(yi)項調查顯示(shi)，70%的(de)(de)(de)非(fei)洲(zhou)人表示(shi)對中(zhong)國(guo)持積極態度(du)。

China’s influence in Africa is growing, and with the Belt and Road Initiative, it is certain to grow further. There are more than one million Chinese expats living in Africa. Chinese firms have a strong foothold in most of its 54 countries. China’s reputation on the continent is also broadly positive. In attitude surveys, 70 percent of Africans say they view the country positively.

通過加(jia)強信(xin)息共享，中非雙方可以更有(you)效地攜手遏(e)制偷獵、走私活動，打擊犯罪集團。中方應進一步加(jia)強執法力(li)度(du)，而非方應在發展當(dang)地生(sheng)態旅(lv)游和其他產業過程中給(gei)予專業指(zhi)導，當(dang)人們有(you)更多(duo)方式謀生(sheng)，就無需去(qu)偷獵，這就從(cong)根本(ben)上消除了非法狩(shou)獵的動機(ji)。

Better intelligence sharing with African countries could seriously disrupt the smuggling rackets and break the cartels. China could also strengthen anti-poaching teams – the embattled first line of defence against poachers – and support institutions that tackle corruption, including police and customs officials at African ports. Africa also needs expertise in eco-tourism and alternative livelihood programs that undermine the financial incentives for poaching.

此(ci)外，中國(guo)企業也可以在(zai)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境保(bao)護(hu)(hu)事(shi)業中有所作為。前不久，馬云(yun)代表阿里巴巴公益基金會和桃花(hua)源(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)基金會來到(dao)南非開普敦，為50名一線野生(sheng)動(dong)物巡護(hu)(hu)員頒獎。他(ta)在(zai)頒獎儀式上做(zuo)出(chu)(chu)承諾，支持(chi)野生(sheng)動(dong)物保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，并(bing)指出(chu)(chu)野生(sheng)動(dong)物巡護(hu)(hu)員是一項高危職業，不僅(jin)需(xu)要在(zai)財力上給予支持(chi)，還需(xu)要技術等其他(ta)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)支持(chi)。

Chinese businesses can also get involved. I was in South Africa recently for the African Ranger Awards Ceremony, where Jack Ma, the co-founder of Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba, pledged his support for wildlife conservation. He said rangers should not only be given monetary support, but also the resources and technology they need to carry out their dangerous work. That’s a great example of the positive role Chinese businesses can play.

歷史會記住(zhu)中(zhong)國為(wei)世(shi)界做出的貢獻。現在，中(zhong)國儼然(ran)(ran)成為(wei)非洲(zhou)象(xiang)和其它珍稀物種(zhong)的救星，讓(rang)這些(xie)大(da)自然(ran)(ran)留給我們(men)的生(sheng)靈(ling)有地可棲。

Such steps could well see China go down in history as the saviour of the African elephant and other precious species – something that would be an incredible legacy.

回到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)府正在下大氣(qi)力應對(dui)嚴峻(jun)的環(huan)境問題。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)啟用了世界(jie)上最大規模的空氣(qi)質量(liang)監測(ce)系統檢測(ce)霧(wu)霾(mai)，設計更加(jia)宜居節能的城市，投資(zi)綠色(se)能源(yuan)(yuan)。在可再(zai)生能源(yuan)(yuan)領域(yu)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)投入了數百億(yi)美元，比其他任何國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)都多，并證明(ming)了經濟增(zeng)長不需要高污染排放為(wei)代價。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的這些變化可喜可賀，而其他國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)如果想(xiang)要減少資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)消耗同時提(ti)升人們生活質量(liang)，不妨(fang)向中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)學習(xi)。

At home, China has made a series of giant strides toward addressing some of the country’s toughest environmental challenges. It has installed the largest air-quality monitoring systems in the world to combat the smog that shrouds its cities. It is designing better, more energy-efficient cities and investing in cleaner forms of transport. It has pumped tens of billions of dollars into renewable energy – more than any other country, proving strong economic growth does not require high emissions. The transformation is incredible, and one that other countries need to emulate if the world is to reduce resource use while continuing to lift people from poverty.

以上進步只(zhi)是(shi)中(zhong)國建設生(sheng)態文(wen)明，回歸(gui)人與(yu)自然(ran)和諧共(gong)處宏偉目標的一個縮影。中(zhong)國正在打(da)造一個資源節約型、環境友好(hao)型社(she)會，而生(sheng)態環境保護是(shi)一切經(jing)濟活動和人民美好(hao)生(sheng)活的根(gen)基。

These advances are part of China’s ambitious vision to build what it calls an “ecological civilization” – an ambition that harks back to its ancient philosophy of harmony with nature. The modern-day plan is to create a resource-efficient, environmentally-friendly society that recognizes the environment for what it is: the bedrock of our economies and our way of life, and therefore fundamental to our survival.

中國的(de)經驗打破了一(yi)直以來經濟發(fa)展必然伴隨著環(huan)境(jing)破壞的(de)魔咒(zhou)。中國可(ke)以以自(zi)身獨特的(de)發(fa)展經歷為(wei)例，幫助非洲找到適合自(zi)身的(de)工業化道路，完成跨(kua)越式發(fa)展。

By sharing its phenomenal development journey, China can help Africa leapfrog the rest of the world. That means helping African nations steer a more considered course to industrialization. China, after all, has suffered more from pollution than most nations, and has done more to tackle it. More broadly, it means showing that the old ways of development accompanied by environmental destruction can be broken.

早(zao)期(qi)人(ren)類發展(zhan)史通常是這(zhe)(zhe)樣：人(ren)們遷徙到哪(na)里(li)，就(jiu)獵殺(sha)到哪(na)里(li)。美洲的(de)(de)(de)(de)乳齒象和(he)巨河貍，澳大利亞的(de)(de)(de)(de)袋熊(xiong)和(he)袋獅……這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)已(yi)滅絕的(de)(de)(de)(de)大型動物都是這(zhe)(zhe)種可悲的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)模式的(de)(de)(de)(de)犧牲品。非(fei)洲象在地球(qiu)存在了六千萬(wan)年(nian)，它(ta)們能否逃過(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)一劫呢？

Early human history often follows a sad pattern. Humans arrive in new lands and learn how to hunt the local wildlife for food. Large, plodding megafauna – America’s mastodons and giant beavers, Australia’s two-ton wombats and marsupial lions – tend to disappear first. The African elephant, which has roamed the earth for 60 million years, has so far bucked this trend.

歷(li)史是(shi)否(fou)會重演，人(ren)類是(shi)否(fou)會再(zai)從地球(qiu)上抹(mo)去(qu)一個大型物種，還要看生態文明發(fa)展(zhan)與社會發(fa)展(zhan)能否(fou)和諧共進(jin)。

Whether history repeats itself and humans wipe out yet another of the world’s big beasts will depend greatly on how well ecological civilization is married to its development.